List taxonomy and nomenclature follow the Neuropterida Species of the World catalogue. Each faunal list gives the following information for each listed taxon: (1) higher classification, (2) current name, (3) presumed nativity to list area, (4) broader geographic distribution, (5) temporal occurrence, (6) lithostratigraphy, and (7) taxonomic status. The parameter options selected are used to generate lists of consistent and parallel format from an underlying dataset. All faunal lists are interactively generated based upon user-selected options for five fauna-definition parameters. This subsection of the World Neuropterida Faunas module is anchored by the “Neuropterida italiani” web site () which provides baseline faunal list data for all of the regions of Italy. At the ordinal level, the analysis provided clear support for the hypothesis that Megaloptera + Neuroptera are sister groups, which upsets the conventional Megaloptera + Raphidioptera hypothesis.įaunal lists of the Neuropterida taxa known to occur (extant species and subspecies), and known to have occurred (extinct species and subspecies), in each of the 20 administrative regions of Italy are presented. Despite the sister-group relationship of Coniopterygidae + Sisyridae being only weakly supported, the position of Coniopterygidae within the higher Hemerobiiformia is corroborated. Chrysopidae + Osmylidae emerged as the sister group of a clade comprising Hemerobiidae + ((Coniopterygidae + Sisyridae) + (dilarid clade)). Dilaridae + (Mantispidae + (Rhachiberothidae + Berothidae)), which has already been proposed, is confirmed. In Hemerobiiformia, Ithonidae + Polystoechotidae is confirmed as the sister group of the remaining families. In Myrmeleontiformia, the sister-group relationships between Psychopsidae + Nemopteridae and Nymphidae + (Myrmeleontidae + Ascalaphidae) are corroborated. The suborders Nevrorthi- formia, Myrmeleontiformia and Hemerobiiformia received strong support, however Nevrorthiformia formed the adelphotaxon of Myrmeleontiformia + Hemerobiiformia (former sister group of Myrmeleontiformia only). The results are discussed in light of recent results from mental phylogenetic cladograms. Ten equally most parsimonious cladograms were found, of which one is selected and presented in detail. It included nineteen species representing seventeen families of Neuroptera, three species representing two families (Sialidae and both subfamilies of Corydalidae) of Megaloptera, two species representing two families of Raphidioptera and as prime outgroup one species of a family of Coleoptera. This is the first computerized cladistic analysis at the ordinal level. SummaryA phylogenetic analysis of Neuroptera using thirty-six predominantly morphological characters of adults and larvae is presented. Apparently, due to early diversification of the heterogeneous Neuroptera, phylogenetic analysis of this group remains a challenge with respect to selection of the proper genes and mutatis mutandis the morphological approach. With respect to the mitochondrial sequences (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3, 16S rRNA), saturation impedes the unambiguous resolution of deeper nodes. The elongation factor-1α gene proved to exist in more than one copy in Neuropterida, and thus is not applicable in the present state of knowledge. The nuclear gene for the ribosomal 18S rRNA is too conserved within the alignable regions, whereas the variable sections are too divergent to be applicable within this evolutionary time frame. Among the genes tested, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 proved to be most potent for resolving the phylogenetic relationships among Neuropterida. The remaining Hemerobiiformia emerge as the sister group of the suborder Myrmeleontiformia, which is once more confirmed as monophyletic. Sisyridae and Osmylidae do not cluster within Hemerobiiformia, but represent two distinct and widely separated branches. The disruption of the suborder Hemerobiiformia is the most conflicting result of the molecular analysis. Furthermore, the Nevrorthidae (constituting the suborder Nevrorthiformia) as a sister group of all other Neuroptera is confirmed.
The hypothesis of a sister-group relationship Raphidioptera + (Neuroptera + Megaloptera) put forward in recent morphological analyses is supported by our data, which is in contrast to the traditional view (Raphidioptera + Megaloptera) + Neuroptera.
Molecular results are discussed in the light of a previous holomorphological cladistic analysis. In a first molecular approach specially dedicated to examining the phylogeny of the Neuropterida, two nuclear and two mitochondrial genes were tested: 18S rRNA, translation elongation factor-1α, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 and 16S rRNA.
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